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Andrei Sheptytsky, the Soviets deported about 400,000 Ukrainians from Galicia
alone. ... West Ukrainians found their first exposure to the Soviet system to
be a generally negative experience and many concluded that "Bolshevik" rule had
to be avoided at all costs. (Orest Subtelny, Ukraine: A History, 1994, pp.
456-457)
Vasyl Hryshko (Experience with Russia, 1956, p. 117) puts the number killed or deported in
Western Ukraine during the Soviet occupation at 750,000. It was commonly perceived by
Ukrainians that Jews were disproportionately represented among the Communists inflicting this
suffering upon Ukraine.
During the preceding few days. As the Soviets retreated, the NKVD perceived by Ukrainians to
be manned disproportionately by Jews - went on a killing spree. Concerning this event, there
seems to be widespread agreement. Particularly relevant to our discussion, is that even Simon
Wiesenthal can be found adding his voice of assent in the fifth of the series of quotations
below:
While the movement to the East was taking place, the NKVD carried out mass
arrests and executions, chiefly of Ukrainians - especially those who tried to
avoid evacuation. In the jails most prisoners whose period of imprisonment was
more than three years were shot; others were evacuated if possible. In several
cities the NKVD burned prisons with prisoners in them. (Volodymyr Kubijovyc,
editor, Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopaedia, University of Toronto Press, Toronto,
1963, Volume I, p. 878, Vsevolod Holubnychy and H. M. wrote this section)
The Bolsheviks succeeded in annihilating some 10,000 political prisoners in
Western Ukraine before and after the outbreak of hostilities (massacres took
place in the prisons in Lviv, Zolochiv, Rivne, Dubno, Lutsk, etc.). (Volodymyr
Kubijovyc, editor, Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopaedia, University of Toronto
Press, Toronto, Volume 1, p. 886)
Before fleeing the German advance the Soviet occupational regime murdered
thousands of Ukrainian civilians, mainly members of the city's [Lviv's]
intelligentsia. (Encyclopedia of Ukraine, Volume 3, p. 222)
The Soviets' hurried retreat had tragic consequences for thousands of political
prisoners in the jails of Western Ukraine. Unable to evacuate them in time,
the NKVD slaughtered their prisoners en masse during the week of 22-29 June
1941, regardless of whether they were incarcerated for major or minor
offenses. Major massacres occurred in Lviv, Sambir, and Stanyslaviv in
Galicia, where about 10,000 prisoners died, and in Rivne and Lutsk in Volhynia,
where another 5000 perished. Coming on the heels of the mass deportations and
growing Soviet terror, these executions added greatly to the West Ukrainians'
abhorrence of the Soviets. (Orest Subtelny, Ukraine: A History, 1994, p. 461)
When the German attack came on 22 June the Soviets had no time to take with
them the people they had locked up. So they simply killed them. Thousands of
detainees were shot dead in their cells by the retreating Soviets. (Simon
Wiesenthal, Justice Not Vengeance, 1989, p. 35)
Right after the entry we were shown 2,400 dead bodies of Ukrainians liquidated
with a shot at the scruff of the neck at the city jail of Lemberg [Lviv] by the
Soviets prior to their marching off. (Hans Frank, In the Face of the Gallows,
p. 406)
In Lvov, several thousand prisoners had been held in three jails. When the
Germans arrived on 29 June, the city stank, and the prisons were surrounded by
terrified relatives. Unimaginable atrocities had occurred inside. The prisons
looked like abattoirs. It had taken the NKVD a week to complete their gruesome
task before they fled. (Gwyneth Hughes and Simon Welfare, Red Empire: The
Forbidden History of the USSR, 1990, p. 133)
We learned that, before the Russian troops had left, a very great number of
Lemberg citizens, Ukrainians and Polish inhabitants of other towns and
villages had been killed in this prison and in other prisons. Furthermore,
there were many corpses of German men and officers, among them many Air Corps
officers, and many of them were found mutilated. There was a great bitterness
and excitement among the Lemberg population against the Jewish sector of the
population. (Erwin Schulz, from May until 26 September, 1941 Commander of
Einsatzkommando 5, a subunit of Einsatzgruppe C, in John Mendelsohn, editor,
The Holocaust: Selected Documents in Eighteen Volumes, Garland, New York,
1982, Volume 18, p. 18)
On the next day, Dr. RASCH informed us to the effect that the killed people in
Lemberg amounted to about 5,000. It has been determined without any doubt
that the arrests and killings had taken place under the leadership of Jewish
functionaries and with the participation of the Jewish inhabitants of
Lemberg. That was the reason why there was such an excitement against the
Jewish population on the part of the Lemberg citizens. (Erwin Schulz, from
May until 26 September, 1941 Commander of Einsatzkommando 5, a subunit of
Einsatzgruppe C, in John Mendelsohn, editor, The Holocaust: Selected Documents
in Eighteen Volumes, Garland, New York, 1982, Volume 18, p. 18)
Chief of Einsatzgruppe B reports that Ukrainian insurrection movements were
bloodily suppressed by the NKVD on June 25, 1941 in Lvov. About 3,000 were
shot by NKVD. Prison burning. Hardly 20% of Ukrainian intelligentsia has
remained. (Operational Situation Report USSR No. 10, July 2, 1941, in Yitzhak
Arad, Shmuel Krakowski, and Shmuel Spector, The Einsatzgruppen Reports:
Selections from the Dispatches of the Nazi Death Squads' Campaign Against the
Jews July 1941-January 1943, Holocaust Library, New York, 1989, p. 2)
Location: Lvov
According to reliable information, the Russians, before withdrawing, shot
30,000 inhabitants. The corpses piled up and burned at the GPU prisons are
dreadfully mutilated. The population is greatly excited: 1,000 Jews have
already been forcefully gathered together. (Operational Situation Report USSR
No. 11, July 3, 1941, in Yitzhak Arad, Shmuel Krakowski, and Shmuel Spector,
The Einsatzgruppen Reports: Selections from the Dispatches of the Nazi Death
Squads' Campaign Against the Jews July 1941-January 1943, Holocaust Library,
New York, 1989, p. 4)
Location: Zviahel (Novograd-Volynski)
...
Before leaving, the Bolsheviks, together with the Jews, murdered several
Ukrainians; as an excuse, they used the attempted Ukrainian uprising of June
25, 1941, which tried to free their prisoners.
According to reliable information, about 20,000 Ukrainians have disappeared
from Lvov, 80% of them belonging to the intelligentsia.
The prisons in Lvov were crammed with the bodies of murdered Ukrainians.
According to a moderate estimate, in Lvov alone 3-4,000 persons were either
killed or deported.
In Dobromil, 82 dead bodies were found, 4 of them Jews. The latter were
former Bolsheviki informers who had been killed because of their complicity in
this act. Near Dobromil an obsolete salt mine pit was discovered. It was
completely filled with dead bodies. In the immediate neighborhood, there is a
6X15m mass grave. The number of those murdered in the Dobromil area is
estimated to be approximately several hundred.
In Sambor on June 26, 1941, about 400 Ukrainians were shot by the
Bolsheviks. An additional 120 persons were murdered on June 27, 1941. The
remaining 80 prisoners succeeded in overpowering the Soviet guards, and fled.
...
As early as 1939, a larger number of Ukrainians was shot, and 1,500
Ukrainians as well as 500 Poles were deported to the east.
Russians and Jews committed these murders in very cruel ways. Bestial
mutilations were daily occurrences. Breasts of women and genitals of men were
cut off. Jews have also nailed children to the wall and then murdered them.
Killing was carried out by shots in the back of the neck. Hand grenades were
frequently used for these murders.
In Dobromil, women and men were killed with blows by a hammer used to stun
cattle before slaughter.
In many cases, the prisoners must have been tortured cruelly: bones were
broken, etc. In Sambor, the prisoners were gagged and thus prevented from
screaming during torture and murder. The Jews, some of whom also held official
positions, in addition to their economic supremacy, and who served in the
entire Bolshevik police, were always partners in these atrocities.
Finally, it was established that seven [German] pilots who had been
captured were murdered. Three of them were found in a Russian military
hospital where they had been murdered in bed by shots in the abdomen. ...
... Prior to their withdrawal, the Bolsheviks shot 2,800 out of 4,000
Ukrainians imprisoned in the Lutsk prison. According to the statement of 19
Ukrainians who survived the slaughter with more or less serious injuries, the
Jews again played a decisive part in the arrests and shooting. ...
The investigations at Zlochev proved that the Russians, prior to their
withdrawal, arrested and murdered indiscriminately a total of 700 Ukrainians,
but, nevertheless, included the entire [local] Ukrainian intelligentsia.
(Operational Situation Report USSR No. 24, July 16, 1941, in Yitzhak Arad,
Shmuel Krakowski, and Shmuel Spector, The Einsatzgruppen Reports: Selections
from the Dispatches of the Nazi Death Squads' Campaign Against the Jews July
1941-January 1943, Holocaust Library, New York, 1989, p. 29-33)
Location: Pleskau [Pskov] ...
The population is in general convinced that it is mostly the Jews who
should be held responsible for the atrocities that are committed everywhere.
...
As it was learned that the Russians before they left have either deported
the Ukrainian intelligentsia, or executed them, that is, murdered them, it is
assumed that in the last days before the retreat of the Russians, about 100
influential Ukrainians were murdered [in Pleskau]. So far the bodies have not
been found - a search has been initiated.
About 100-150 Ukrainians were murdered by the Russians in Kremenets. Some
of these Ukrainians are said to have been thrown into cauldrons of boiling
water. This has been deduced from the fact that the bodies were found without
skin when they were exhumed. ...
... Before leaving Dubno, the Russians, as they had done in Lvov,
committed extensive mass-murder.
... Before their flight [from Tarnopol], as in Lvov and Dubno, the
Russians went on a rampage there. Disinterments revealed 10 bodies of German
soldiers. Almost all of them had their hands tied behind their backs with
wire. The bodies revealed traces of extremely cruel mutilations such as gouged
eyes, severed tongues and limbs.
The number of Ukrainians who were murdered by the Russians, among them
women and children, is set finally at 600. Jews and Poles were spared by the
Russians. The Ukrainians estimate the total number of [Tarnopol] victims since
the occupation of the Ukraine by the Russians at about 2,000. The planned
deportation of the Ukrainians already started in 1939. There is hardly a
family in Tarnopol from which one or several members have not disappeared.
... The entire Ukrainian intelligentsia is destroyed. Since the beginning of
the war, 160 members of the Ukrainian intelligentsia were either murdered or
deported. Inhabitants of the town had observed a column of about 1,000
civilians driven out of town by police and army early in the morning of July 1,
1941.
As in Lvov, torture chambers were discovered in the cellars of the Court of
Justice. Apparently, hot and cold showers were also used here (as in Lemberg
[Lviv]) for torture, as several bodies were found, totally naked, their skin
burst and torn in many places. A grate was found in another room, made of wire
and set above the ground about 1m in height, traces of ashes were found
underneath. A Ukrainian engineer, who was also to be murdered but saved his
life by smearing the blood of a dead victim over his face, reports that one
could also hear screams of pain from women and girls. (Operational Situation
Report USSR No. 28, July 20, 1941, in Yitzhak Arad, Shmuel Krakowski, and
Shmuel Spector, The Einsatzgruppen Reports: Selections from the Dispatches of
the Nazi Death Squads' Campaign Against the Jews July 1941-January 1943,
Holocaust Library, New York, 1989, p.38-40)
F. Fedorenko
MY TESTIMONY
When the bolsheviks retreated before the German onslaught in the Second
World War they took care in advance not to leave any prisoners behind when the
Germans arrived.
The prisoners were driven, en masse, under heavy NKVD guard deep into
Russia or Siberia, day and night. Many of them were so tired that they could
go no further. These were shot without compunction where they fell. Terrible
things happened then. Sometimes, wives recognized their husbands among the
evacuees, as the prisoners were being driven through the villages. There was
great despair when they saw their loved ones taken under the muzzles of
automatic guns, to far, unknown places.
The villagers took care of those who did not die at once from the NKVD
bullets, but this was a very dangerous thing to do before all the bolsheviks
cleared out.
But the NKVD could not evacuate all the prisoners, there were so many arrests,
and jails were replenished constantly. In such a case the NKVD, before making
a hasty retreat, would murder the prisoners in their cells.
I recall that when the Germans came, in the fall of 1941, to a little town,
Chornobil, on the Prypyat River, 62 miles west of Kiev, 52 corpses of recently
murdered people, slightly covered with earth, were found in the prison yeard.
These corpses had their hands tied at the back with wire; some had their backs
flayed, others had gouged eyes or nails driven into their heels; still others
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