передач. –
Перев.
133
A. Del Parigi et al., “Sex differences in the human brain’s response to hunger and satiation”, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 75:6, 1017–1022 (2002).
134
Michael K. Badman and Jeffrey S. Flier, “The gut and energy balance: visceral allies in the obesity wars”, Science 307, 1901–1914 (2005): см. также: Stephen C. Woods, “Gastrointestinal Satiety Signals I: an overview of gastrointestinal signals that influence food intake”, American Journal of Physiology: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 286, G7–13 (2004).
135
Интервью с Дэвидом Каммингсом, 14 августа 2006 года.
136
Roger D. Cone, “Anatomy and regulation of the central melanocortin system”, Nature Neuroscience 8:5, 571–578 (2005).
137
M. Nakazato et al., “A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding”, Nature 409, 194–198 (2001); D. E. Cummings et al., “A preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels suggests a role in meal initiation in humans”, Diabetes 50, 1714–1719 (2001).
138
Y. Date et al., “The role of the gastric afferent vagal nerve in ghrelin-induced feeding and growth hormone secretion in rats”, Gastroenterology 123:4, 1120–1128 (2002).
139
D. E. Cummings et al., “Ghrelin and energy balance: focus on current controversies”, Current Drug Targets 6:2, 153–169 (2005).
140
D. E. Cummings et al., “A preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels”.
141
Интервью с Дэвидом Каммингсом, 14 августа 2006 года.
142
Heike Munzberg and Martin G. Myers Jr., “Molecular and anatomical determinants of central leptin resistance”, Nature Neuroscience 8:5, 566–570 (2005); Michael K. Badman and Jeffrey S. Flier, “The gut and energy balance”.
143
M. Bajzer and R. J. Seeley, “Obesity and gut flora”, Nature 444, 1009 (2006).
144
Интервью с Джеффри Флайером, 20 июля 2006 года.
145
J. K. Elmquist and J. S. Flier, “The fat-brain axis enters a new dimension”, Science 304, 63–64 (2004); R. B. Simerly et al., “Trophic action of leptin on hypothalamic neurons that regulate feeding”, Science 304, 108–110 (2004); Shirly Pinto et al., “Rapid rewiring of arcuate nucleus feeding circuits by leptin”, Science 304, 110–115 (2004); интервью с Джеффри Флайером, 20 июля 2006 года.
146
William Carlezon et al., “Antidepressant-like effects of uridine and omega-3 fatty acids are potentiated by combined treatment in rats”, Biological Psychiatry 54:4, 343–350 (2005).
147
Интервью с Уильямом Карлезоном, октябрь 2006 года.
148
Joseph R. Hibbeln, “Fish consumption and major depression”, Lancet 351, 1213 (1998).
149
“Food ingredients may be as effective as antidepressants”, press release, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, February 10, 2005.
150
S. A. Zmarzty et al., “The influence of food on pain perception in healthy human volunteers”, Physiology and Behavior 62:1, 185–191 (1997).
151
K. Raikkonen et al., “Sweet babies: chocolate consumption during pregnancy and infant temperament at six months”, Early Human Development 76, 139–145 (2004).
152
Peter W. Lucas, Dental Functional Morphology: How Teeth Work (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 4.
153
Peter W. Lucas, “The origins of the modern human diet”, paper presented at the American Association for the Advancement of Science, February 19, 2005.
154
Интервью с Дэном Либерманом, 26 февраля 2005 года; D. E. Lieberman et al., “Effects of food processing on masticatory strain and craniofacial growth in a retrognathic face”, Journal of Human Evolution 46, 655–677 (2004).
155
Stephen R. Bloom et al., “Inhibition of food intake in obese subjects by peptide YY3–36”, New England Journal of Medicine 349, 941–948 (2003).
156
Badman and Flier, “The gut and energy balance”.
157
Bloom et al., “Inhibition of food intake in obese subjects”.
158
R. L. Batterham et al., “Gut hormone YY3–36 physiologically inhibits food intake”, Nature 418, 650–654 (2002).
159
J. Overduin et al., “Role of the duodenum and macronutrient type in ghrelin regulation”, Endocrinology 146:2, 845–850 (2005). ГЛАВА 5
160
Osip Mandelstam, The Noise of Time and Other Prose Pieces (London: Quartet Books, 1988), quoted in Bruce Chatwin, The Songlines (New York, Penguin, 1987), 230.
161
R. McNeill Alexander, “Walking made simple”, Science 308, 58–59 (2005).
162
A. K. Gutmann et al., “Constrained optimization in human running”, Journal of Experimental Biology 209, 622–632 (2006).
163
A. J. Lipton et al., “S-nitrosothiols signal the ventilatory response to hypoxia”, Nature 413, 171–174 (2001).
164
Kevin R. Foster, “Hamiltonian medicine: why the social lives of pathogens matter”, Science 308, 1269–1270 (2005); интервью с Кевином Фостером.
165
Clifford Dobell, ed., Antony van Leeuwenhoek and His Little Animals (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1922), 239–240.
166
Paul B. Eckburg et al., “Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora”, Science 308, 1635–1638 (2005).
167
S. S. Socransky and A. D. Haffajee, “Dental biofilms: difficult therapeutic targets”, Periodonthology 28, 12–55 (2002).
168
Foster, “Hamiltonian medicine”.
169
Mel Rosenberg, “The science of bad breath”, Scientific American, April 2002, 72–79; интервью с Мелом Розенбергом, 28 июля 2006 года; “The sweet smell of Mel’s success”.
170
От англ. smell – запах. – Ред.
171
William Beaumont, Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Psychology of Digestion (New York: Dover Publications, 1959, reprint of 1833 edition).
172
Mark Dunleavy, “Gut feeling”, http://www.neuroscientist.com/lastword.
173
M. Bouchouca et al., “Day-night patterns of gastroesophageal reflux”, Chronobiology International 12, 267–277 (1995).
174
Michael Gershon, The Second Brain (New York: HarperCollins, 1998); M. Gershon, “The enteric nervous system: a second brain”, in Hospital Practice, http://www.hosppract.com/issues/1999/07/gershon.htm.
175
F. Backhed et al., “Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine”, Science 307, 1915–1919 (2005); L. V. Hooper and J. I. Gordon, “Commensal host-bacterial relationships in the gut”, Science 292, 1115–1118 (2001); D. R. Relman, “The human body as microbial observatory”, Nature Genetics 30, 131–133 (2002); J.-P. Kraehenbuhl and M. Corbett, “Keeping the gut microflora at bay”, Science 303, 1624–1625 (2004); Edward Ruby et al., “We get by with a little help from our (little) friends”, Science 303, 1305–1307 (2004); L. V. Hooper et al., “Molecular analysis of commensal host-microbial relationships in
