Philosophy of Science 36, no. 3 (September 1, 1969): 316–21.
––. The Grasshopper: Games, Life and Utopia. 2nd ed. Introduction by Thomas Hurka. Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview, 2005.
––. “Is Life a Game We Are Playing?” Ethics 77, no. 3 (April 1, 1967): 209–13.
––. “What Is a Game?” Philosophy of Science 34, no. 2 (June 1, 1967): 148–56.
Voorhies, Barbara. “The Deep Prehistory of Indian Gaming: Possible Late Archaic Period Game Boards at the Tlacuachero Shellmound, Chiapas, Mexico.” Latin American Antiquity 24, no. 1 (2013): 98–115.
––. “Games Ancient People Played.” Archaeology 65, no. 3 (2012): 48–51.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig. Philosophical Investigations. Edited by P. M. S. Hacker and Joachim Schulte. 4th ed. Malden, Mass.: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
Belsky, Gary. “A Checkered Career.” Sports Illustrated, December 28, 1992.
Bloom, Allan, trans. The Republic of Plato 3rd ed. New York: Basic Books, 2016.
Fortman, Richard L. Basic Checkers. 7 vols. Self-published, 1978–83.
Hopper, Millard Fillmore. How to Play Winning Checkers. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1940.
Pfeiffer, John. “Man vs Machine in the Checker Game of the Century.” Popular Mechanics, August 1964.
Ryan, William F. The Modern Encyclopedia of Checkers. New York: William F. Ryan, 1940.
Samuel, A. L. A Boy from Emporia. Unpublished manuscript, n. d.
––. “Some Studies in Machine Learning Using the Game of Checkers.” IBM Journal of Research and Development 3, no. 3 (July 1959): 210–29.
––. “Some Studies in Machine Learning Using the Game of Checkers II: Recent Progress.” IBM Journal of Research and Development 11, no. 6 (November 1967): 601–17.
Schaeffer, J., N. Burch, Y. Bjornsson, A. Kishimoto, M. Müller, R. Lake, P. Lu, and S. Sutphen. “Checkers Is Solved.” Science 317, no. 5844 (September 14, 2007): 1518–22.
Schaeffer, Jonathan. One Jump Ahead: Challenging Human Supremacy in Checkers. 1st ed. New York: Springer, 1997.
––. One Jump Ahead: Computer Perfection at Checkers. 2nd ed. New York: Springer, 2008.
Schaeffer, Jonathan, Joseph Culberson, Norman Treloar, Brent Knight, Paul Lu, and Duane Szafron. “A World Championship Caliber Checkers Program.” Artificial Intelligence 53, no. 2 (February 1, 1992): 273–89.
Shuffett, Robert L. Checkers, the Tinsley Way. Independently published, 1982.
Weiss, E. A. “Biographies: Eloge: Arthur Lee Samuel (1901–90).” IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 14, no. 3 (1992): 55–69.
Berliner, Hans J. “Chess as Problem Solving: The Development of a Tactics Analyzer.” PhD diss., Carnegie-Mellon University, 1975.
De Firmian, Nick. Modern Chess Openings. 15th ed. New York: Random House, 2008.
Dottle, Rachael. “The Chess Boom Goes Digital After The Queen’s Gambit.” Bloomberg, December 16, 2020.
Drasnin, Irv. The Chip vs. the Chessmaster. Documentary. Drasnin Productions, 1991.
Eales, Richard. “Changing Cultures: The Reception of Chess into Western Europe in the Middle Ages.” In Ancient Board Games in Perspective, edited by Irving L. Finkel, 162–68. Papers from the 1990 British Museum Colloquium. London: British Museum Press, 2007.
Frey, P. W., ed. Chess Skill in Man and Machine. 2nd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1983.
Hodges, Andrew. Alan Turing: The Enigma. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983.
Hsu, Feng-hsiung. Behind Deep Blue: Building the Computer That Defeated the World Chess Champion. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2004.
Kasparov, Garry. “Chess, a Drosophila of Reasoning.” Science 362, no. 6419 (December 7, 2018): 1087.
––. “The Chess Master and the Computer.” New York Review of Books, February 11, 2010.
Kasparov, Garry, and Mig Greengard. Deep Thinking: Where Machine Intelligence Ends and Human Creativity Begins. New York: PublicAffairs, 2017.
Krabbé, Tim. “Stiller’s Monsters, or Perfection in Chess.” Chess Curiosities (blog), n. d.
Levy, David N. L., and Monty Newborn. How Computers Play Chess. New York: Computer Science Press, 1991.
Marshall, Frank. The Man vs. the Machine. Documentary. Kennedy/Marshall, ESPN Films, 2014.
Müller, Karsten, and Jonathan Schaeffer. Man vs. Machine: Challenging Human Supremacy at Chess. Milford, Conn.: Russell Enterprises, 2018.
Murray, H. J. R. A History of Chess: The Original 1913 Edition. New York: Skyhorse, 2015.
Newell, Allen, J. C. Shaw, and H. A. Simon. “Chess-Playing Programs and the Problem of Complexity.” IBM Journal of Research and Development 2, no. 4 (October 1958): 320–35.
Poe, Edgar Allan. “Maelzel’s Chess-Player.” Southern Literary Messenger, April 1836.
Roeder, Oliver. “Computers Are Haunting the World Chess Championship (Which, Yes, Is Still Tied).” FiveThirtyEight, November 12, 2018.
––. “I Faced Off Against the World’s Best Chess Player. You Will Totally Believe What Happened Next.” FiveThirtyEight, May 14, 2018.
Sadler, Matthew, and Natasha Regan. Game Changer: AlphaZero’s Groundbreaking Chess Strategies and the Promise of AI. New in Chess, 2019.
Shannon, Claude. “A Chess-Playing Machine.” Scientific American, February 1950.
––. “A Mathematical Theory of Communication.” Bell System Technical Journal 27, no. 3 (1948): 379–423.
––. “Programming a Computer for Playing Chess.” Philosophical Magazine 41, no. 314 (March 1950): 256–75.
Silver, David, Thomas Hubert, Julian Schrittwieser, Ioannis Antonoglou,
