Jean Le Rond d’Alembert, «Йlйments de Philosophie» (1759), as quoted in Ernst Cassirer, The Philosophy of the Enlightenment, trans. Fritz C. A. Koelln and James P. Pettegrove, (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1951), 3.

Denis Diderot, «The Encyclopedia» (1755), in Rameau’s Nephew and Other Works, trans. Jacques Barzun and Ralph H. Bowen (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2001), 283.

Montesquieu, Considйrations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur dйcadence (1734), as quoted in Cassirer, Philosophy of the Enlightenment, 213.

Immanuel Kant, «Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose» (1784), in Kant: Political Writings, ed. H. S. Reiss (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 44.

Immanuel Kant, «Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch» (1795), in Reiss, Kant, 96.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discourse on the Origin of Inequality and The Social Contract, in The Basic Political Writings (1755; 1762) (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1987), 61, 141.

«Declaration for Assistance and Fraternity to Foreign Peoples» (November 19, 1792), in The Constitutions and Other Select Documents Illustrative of the History of France, 1789–1907 (London: H. W. Wilson, 1908), 130.

«Decree for Proclaiming the Liberty and Sovereignty of All Peoples» (December 15, 1792), in ibid., 132–33.

Hegel to Friedrich Niethammer, October 13, 1806, in Hegel: The Letters, trans. Clark Butler and Christine Seiler with commentary by Clark Butler (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985).

Глава 2

Marquis de Custine, Empire of the Czar: A Journey Through Eternal Russia (1843; New York: Anchor Books, 1990), 69.

Geoffrey Hosking, Russia: People and Empire (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997), 5–6.

Nikolai Danilevskii, Russia and Europe: A View on Cultural and Political Relations Between the Slavic and German-Roman Worlds (St. Petersburg, 1871), as translated and excerpted in Imperial Russia: A Source Book, 1700–1917, ed. Basil Dmytryshyn (Gulf Breeze, Fla: Academic International Press, 1999), 373.

Vasili O. Kliuchevsky, A Course in Russian History: The Seventeenth Century (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1994), 366. See also Hosking, Russia, 4.

John P. LeDonne, The Russian Empire and the World, 1700–1917: The Geopolitics of Expansion and Containment (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 348.

Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams (1907; New York: Modern Library, 1931), 439.

Orlando Figes, Natasha’s Dance: A Cultural History of Russia (New York: Picador, 2002), 376–377.

George Vernadsky, ed., A Source Book for Russian History: From Early Times to 1917 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1972), 3:610.

Charles J. Halperin, Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History (Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1985).

Paul Harrison Silfen, The Influence of the Mongols on Russia: A Dimensional History (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press, 1974).

Virginia Cowles, The Romanovs (New York: Harper & Row, 1971), 33–37.

Robert K. Massie, Peter the Great (New York: Ballantine Books, 1980), 188–89, 208.

B. H. Sumner, Peter the Great and the Emergence of Russia (New York: Collier Books, 1962), 45.

Catherine II, Nakaz (Instruction) to the Legislative Commission of 1767–68, in Dmytryshyn, Imperial Russia, 80.

Maria Lipman, Lev Gudkov, Lasha Bakradze, and Thomas de Waal, The Stalin Puzzle: Deciphering Post-Soviet Public Opinion (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2013).

Nikolai Karamzin on Czar Alexander I, as quoted in W. Bruce Lincoln, The Romanovs: Autocrats of All the Russias (New York: Anchor Books, 1981), 489.

Fyodor Dostoevsky, A Writer’s Diary (1881), as quoted in Figes, Natasha’s Dance, 308.

Pyotr Chaadaev, «Philosophical Letter» (1829, published 1836), as quoted in Figes, Natasha’s Dance, 132, and Dmytryshyn, Imperial Russia, 251.

Mikhail Nikiforovich Katkov, May 24, 1882, editorial in Moskovskie vedomosti (Moscow News), as excerpted in Verdansky, A Source Book for Russian History, 3:676.

Wilhelm Schwarz, Die Heilige Allianz (Stuttgart, 1935), 52.

Klemens von Metternich, Aus Metternich’s nachgelassenen Papieren, ed. Alfons v. Klinkowstroem (Vienna, 1881), 1:316.

Palmerston’s dispatch no. 6 to the Marquess of Clanricarde (ambassador in St. Petersburg), January 11, 1841, in The Foreign Policy of Victorian England, ed. Kenneth Bourne (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970), 252–53.

Isaiah Berlin, Vico and Herder: Two Studies in the History of Ideas (New York: Viking, 1976), 158, 204.

Jacques Barzun, From Dawn to Decadence: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life (New York: Perennial, 2000), 482.

Lewis Namier, Vanished Supremacies: Essays on European History, 1812–1918 (New York: Penguin Books, 1958), 203.

Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, A History of Russia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 336–39.

Allgemeine deutsche Biographie 33 (Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1891), 266.

Heinrich Sbrik, Metternich, der Staatsmann und der Mensch, 2 vols. (Munich, 1925), 1:354, as cited in Henry A. Kissinger, «The Conservative Dilemma: Reflections on the Political Thought of Metternich», American Political Science Review 48, no. 4 (December 1954): 1027.

Algernon Cecil, Metternich, 1773–1859 (London: Eyre and Spottiswood, 1947), 52.

Briefwechsel des Generals Leopold von Gerlach mit dem Bundestags-Gesandten Otto von Bismarck (Berlin, 1893), 334.

Horst Kohl, Die politischen Reden des Fursten Bismarck (Stuttgart, 1892), 264.

Speech of February 9, 1871, in Hansard, Parliamentary Debates, ser. 3, vol. 204 (February – March 1871), 82.

Christopher Clark, The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 (New York: HarperCollins, 2013).

Margaret MacMillan, The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 (New York: Random House, 2013).

John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (New York: Macmillan, 1920), Chapter 5.

Глава 3

Adda B. Bozeman, «Iran: U.S. Foreign Policy and the Tradition of Persian Statecraft», Orbis 23, no. 2 (Summer 1979): 397.

Hugh Kennedy, The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 2007), 34–40.

Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, vol. 1, The Classical Age of Islam (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974).

Majid Khadduri, The Islamic Law of Nations: Shaybani’s Siyar (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966), 13.

Majid Khadduri, War and Peace in the Law of Islam (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955), 56.

Bernard Lewis, The Middle East: A Brief History of the Last 2,000 Years (New York: Touchstone, 1997), 233–38.

Labeeb Ahmed Bsoul, International Treaties (Mu‘āhadāt) in Islam: Theory and Practice in the Light of Islamic International Law (Siyar) According to Orthodox Schools (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 2008), 117.

James Piscatori, «Islam in the International Order», in The Expansion of International Society, ed. Hedley Bull and Adam Watson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 318–19.

Olivier Roy, Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004), 112.

Efraim Karsh, Islamic Imperialism: A History (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2006), 230–31.

Vali Nasr, The Shia Revival: How Conflicts Within Islam Will Shape the Future (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006).

Brendan Simms, Europe: The Struggle for Supremacy from 1453 to the Present (New York: Basic Books, 2013), 9–10.

Roger Bigelow Merriman, Suleiman the Magnificent, 1520–1566 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1944), 130.

Halil Inalcik, «The Turkish Impact on the Development of Modern Europe», in The Ottoman State and Its Place in World History, ed. Kemal H. Karpat (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1974), 51–53.

Garrett Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy (New York: Penguin Books, 1955), 152.

«Turkey’s Erdogan: French Vote Reveals Gravity of Hostility Towards Muslims», Today’s Zaman, December 23, 2011.

Harold Temperley, England and the Near East (London: Longmans, Green, 1936), 272.

Source Records of the Great War, ed. Charles F. Horne and Walter F. Austin (Indianapolis: American Legion, 1930), 2:398–401.

Hew Strachan, The First World War (New York: Viking, 2003), 100–101.

Arthur James Balfour to Walter Rothschild, November 2, 1917, in Malcolm Yapp, The Making of the Modern Near East, 1792–1923 (Harlow: Longmans, Green), 290.

Erez Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism, 1917–1920 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).

Roxanne L. Euben and Muhammad Qasim Zaman, eds., Princeton Readings in Islamist Thought: Texts and Contexts from al-Banna to Bin Laden (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2009), 49–53.

Sayyid Qutb, Milestones, 2nd rev. English ed. (Damascus, Syria: Dar al-Ilm, n.d.), 49–51.

Lawrence Wright, The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 (New York: Random House, 2006).

Statement by the President on the Situation in Syria, August 18, 2011,http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/08/18/statement-president-obama-situation-syria.

Mariam Karouny, «Apocalyptic Prophecies Drive Both Sides to Syrian Battle for End of Time», Reuters, April 1, 2014.

«Message from Usama Bin-Muhammad Bin Ladin to His Muslim Brothers in the Whole World and Especially in the Arabian Peninsula: Declaration of Jihad Against the Americans Occupying the Land of the Two Holy Mosques; Expel the Heretics from the Arabian Peninsula», in FBIS Report, «Compilation of Usama bin Ladin Statements, 1994–January 2004», 13; Piscatori, «Order, Justice, and Global Islam», 279–80.

David Danelo, «Anarchy Is the New Normal: Unconventional Governance and 21st Century Statecraft» (Foreign Policy Research Institute, October 2013).

Глава 4

Ali Khamenei, «Leader’s Speech at Inauguration of Islamic Awakening and Ulama Conference» (April 29, 2013), Islamic Awakening 1, no. 7 (Spring 2013).

Islamic Invitation Turkey, «The Leader of Islamic Ummah and Oppressed People Imam Sayyed Ali Khamenei: Islamic Awakening Inspires Intl. Events», November 27, 2011.

«The Cyrus Cylinder: Diplomatic Whirl», Economist, March 23, 2013.

Herodotus, The History, trans. David Grene (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 1.131–135, pp. 95–97.

Kenneth M. Pollack, The Persian Puzzle: The Conflict Between Iran and America (New York: Random House, 2004), 18–19.

John Garver, China and Iran: Ancient Partners in a Post-imperial World (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2006).

Roy Mottahedeh, The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran (Oxford: Oneworld, 2002), 144.

Reza Aslan, «The Epic of Iran», New York Times, April 30, 2006.

Sandra Mackey, The Iranians: Persia, Islam, and the Soul of a Nation (New York: Plume, 1998), 109n1.

Ruhollah Khomeini, «Islamic Government», in Islam and Revolution: Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini (1941–1980), trans. Hamid Algar (North Haledon, N.J.: Mizan Press, 1981), 48–49.

David Armstrong, Revolution and World Order: The Revolutionary State in International Society (New York: Oxford University Press,1993), 192.

Islam and Revolution, 147, 265, 330–31.

R. W. Apple Jr., «Will Khomeini Turn Iran’s Clock Back 1,300 Years?», New York Times, February 4, 1979.

Charles Hill, Trial of a Thousand Years: World Order and Islamism (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 2011), 89–91.

Thomas Kean, Lee Hamilton, et al., The 9/11 Commission Report (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), 61, 128, 240–41, 468, 529.

Seth G. Jones, «Al Qaeda in Iran», Foreign Affairs, January 29, 2012, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137061/seth-g-jones/al-qaeda-in-iran.

Akbar Ganji, «Who Is Ali Khamenei: The Worldview of Iran’s Supreme Leader», Foreign Affairs, September/October 2013.

Thomas Joscelyn, «Iran, the Muslim Brotherhood, and Revolution», Longwarjournal.org, January 28, 2011.

Milton Viorst, In the Shadow of the Prophet: The Struggle for the Soul of Islam (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 2001), 192.

«Address by H.E. Dr. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, President of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Before the Sixty-second Session of the United Nations General Assembly» (New York: Permanent Mission of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations, September 25, 2007), 10.

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad to George W. Bush, May 7, 2006, Council on Foreign Relations online library; «Iran Declares War», New York Sun, May 11, 2006.

Arash Karami, «Ayatollah Khamenei: Nuclear Negotiations Won’t Resolve US-Iran Differences», Al-Monitor.com Iran Pulse, February 17, 2014, http://iranpulse.al-monitor.com/ index.php/2014/02/3917/ayatollah-khamenei-nuclear-negotiations-wont-resolve-us-iran-differences/.

Akbar Ganji, «Frenemies Forever: The Real Meaning of Iran’s ‘Heroic Flexibility’», Foreign Affairs, September 24, 2013, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139953/ akbar-ganji/frenemies-forever.

«History of Official Proposals on the Iranian Nuclear Issue», January 2013.

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